Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.


Science 28 June 1996:
Vol. 272. no. 5270, pp. 1910 - 1914
DOI: 10.1126/science.272.5270.1910

Research Articles

Lysogenic Conversion by a Filamentous Phage Encoding Cholera Toxin

Matthew K. Waldor * and John J. Mekalanos

Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, requires two coordinately regulated factors for full virulence: cholera toxin (CT), a potent enterotoxin, and toxin-coregulated pili (TCP), surface organelles required for intestinal colonization. The structural genes for CT are shown here to be encoded by a filamentous bacteriophage (designated CTXPhi ), which is related to coliphage M13. The CTXPhi genome chromosomally integrated or replicated as a plasmid. CTXPhi used TCP as its receptor and infected V. cholerae cells within the gastrointestinal tracts of mice more efficiently than under laboratory conditions. Thus, the emergence of toxigenic V. cholerae involves horizontal gene transfer that may depend on in vivo gene expression.

The authors are in the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Shipley Institute of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
* Present address: Tupper Research Institute, Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, New England Medical Center #41, 750 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA.



THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
Vibrio cholerae LexA Coordinates CTX Prophage Gene Expression.
H. H. Kimsey and M. K. Waldor (2009)
J. Bacteriol. 191, 6788-6795
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A New Twist on a Classic Paradigm: Illumination of a Genetic Switch in Vibrio cholerae Phage CTX{Phi}.
B. E. Nickels (2009)
J. Bacteriol. 191, 6779-6781
   Full Text »    PDF »
Comparative Evolutionary Analysis of the Major Structural Subunit of Vibrio vulnificus Type IV Pili.
S. Chattopadhyay, R. N. Paranjpye, D. E. Dykhuizen, E. V. Sokurenko, and M. S. Strom (2009)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 26, 2185-2196
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
DNA Binding Proteins of the Filamentous Phages CTX{phi} and VGJ{phi} of Vibrio cholerae.
A. Falero, A. Caballero, B. Ferran, Y. Izquierdo, R. Fando, and J. Campos (2009)
J. Bacteriol. 191, 5873-5876
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Comparative genomics reveals mechanism for short-term and long-term clonal transitions in pandemic Vibrio cholerae.
J. Chun, C. J. Grim, N. A. Hasan, J. H. Lee, S. Y. Choi, B. J. Haley, E. Taviani, Y.-S. Jeon, D. W. Kim, J.-H. Lee, et al. (2009)
PNAS 106, 15442-15447
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sialic Acid Catabolism Confers a Competitive Advantage to Pathogenic Vibrio cholerae in the Mouse Intestine.
S. Almagro-Moreno and E. F. Boyd (2009)
Infect. Immun. 77, 3807-3816
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bicarbonate Induces Vibrio cholerae Virulence Gene Expression by Enhancing ToxT Activity.
B. H. Abuaita and J. H. Withey (2009)
Infect. Immun. 77, 4111-4120
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
RNA Colony Blot Hybridization Method for Enumeration of Culturable Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio mimicus Bacteria.
C. J. Grim, Y.-G. Zo, N. A. Hasan, A. Ali, W. B. Chowdhury, A. Islam, M. H. Rashid, M. Alam, J. G. Morris Jr., A. Huq, et al. (2009)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 75, 5439-5444
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bacteriophages Encode Factors Required for Protection in a Symbiotic Mutualism.
K. M. Oliver, P. H. Degnan, M. S. Hunter, and N. A. Moran (2009)
Science 325, 992-994
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Functional analyses of pilin-like proteins from Francisella tularensis: complementation of type IV pilus phenotypes in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
E. Salomonsson, A. Forsberg, N. Roos, C. Holz, B. Maier, M. Koomey, and H. C. Winther-Larsen (2009)
Microbiology 155, 2546-2559
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular Characterization and Lytic Activities of Streptococcus agalactiae Bacteriophages and Determination of Lysogenic-Strain Features.
A.-S. Domelier, N. van der Mee-Marquet, P.-Y. Sizaret, G. Hery-Arnaud, M.-F. Lartigue, L. Mereghetti, and R. Quentin (2009)
J. Bacteriol. 191, 4776-4785
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Shiga Toxin 2 Is Specifically Released from Bacterial Cells by Two Different Mechanisms.
T. Shimizu, Y. Ohta, and M. Noda (2009)
Infect. Immun. 77, 2813-2823
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Characterization of a New Plasmid-Like Prophage in a Pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 Strain.
S.-F. Lan, C.-H. Huang, C.-H. Chang, W.-C. Liao, I-H. Lin, W.-N. Jian, Y.-G. Wu, S.-Y. Chen, and H.-c. Wong (2009)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 75, 2659-2667
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Core Oligosaccharide and Thioredoxin of Vibrio cholerae Are Necessary for Binding and Propagation of Its Typing Phage VP3.
J. Zhang, W. Li, Q. Zhang, H. Wang, X. Xu, B. Diao, L. Zhang, and B. Kan (2009)
J. Bacteriol. 191, 2622-2629
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Incidence, Virulence Factors, and Clonality among Clinical Strains of Non-O1, Non-O139 Vibrio cholerae Isolates from Hospitalized Diarrheal Patients in Kolkata, India.
S. Chatterjee, K. Ghosh, A. Raychoudhuri, G. Chowdhury, M. K. Bhattacharya, A. K. Mukhopadhyay, T. Ramamurthy, S. K. Bhattacharya, K. E. Klose, and R. K. Nandy (2009)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 47, 1087-1095
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Peruvian Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor strains possess a distinct region in the Vibrio seventh pandemic island-II that differentiates them from the prototype seventh pandemic El Tor strains.
S. Nusrin, A. I. Gil, N. A. Bhuiyan, A. Safa, M. Asakura, C. F. Lanata, E. Hall, H. Miranda, B. Huapaya, C. Vargas G., et al. (2009)
J. Med. Microbiol. 58, 342-354
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A large cholera outbreak due to a new cholera toxin variant of the Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor biotype in Orissa, Eastern India.
P. Kumar, M. Jain, A. K. Goel, S. Bhadauria, S. K. Sharma, D. V. Kamboj, L. Singh, T. Ramamurthy, and G. B. Nair (2009)
J. Med. Microbiol. 58, 234-238
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genotypic and Phenotypic Diversity among Induced, stx2-Carrying Bacteriophages from Environmental Escherichia coli Strains.
C. Garcia-Aljaro, M. Muniesa, J. Jofre, and A. R. Blanch (2009)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 75, 329-336
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Multilocus genetic analysis reveals that the Australian strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 are similar to the pre-seventh pandemic strains of the El Tor biotype.
A. Safa, N. A. Bhuiyan, D. Murphy, J. Bates, S. Nusrin, R. Y. C. Kong, M. Chongsanguan, W. Chaicumpa, and G. B. Nair (2009)
J. Med. Microbiol. 58, 105-111
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Flexibility of Vibrio cholerae ToxT in Transcription Activation of Genes Having Altered Promoter Spacing.
M. Bellair and J. H. Withey (2008)
J. Bacteriol. 190, 7925-7931
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Acquisition of classical CTX prophage from Vibrio cholerae O141 by El Tor strains aided by lytic phages and chitin-induced competence.
S. M. N. Udden, M. S. H. Zahid, K. Biswas, Q. S. Ahmad, A. Cravioto, G. B. Nair, J. J. Mekalanos, and S. M. Faruque (2008)
PNAS 105, 11951-11956
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Decreased Potency of the Vibrio cholerae Sheathed Flagellum To Trigger Host Innate Immunity.
S. S. Yoon and J. J. Mekalanos (2008)
Infect. Immun. 76, 1282-1288
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Three Pathogenicity Islands of Vibrio cholerae Can Excise from the Chromosome and Form Circular Intermediates.
R. A. Murphy and E. F. Boyd (2008)
J. Bacteriol. 190, 636-647
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Lipidation of an FlrC-Dependent Protein Is Required for Enhanced Intestinal Colonization by Vibrio cholerae.
D. C. Morris, F. Peng, J. R. Barker, and K. E. Klose (2008)
J. Bacteriol. 190, 231-239
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sequence Characterization and Comparative Analysis of Three Plasmids Isolated from Environmental Vibrio spp..
T. H. Hazen, D. Wu, J. A. Eisen, and P. A. Sobecky (2007)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 73, 7703-7710
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Viable but nonculturable Vibrio cholerae O1 in biofilms in the aquatic environment and their role in cholera transmission.
M. Alam, M. Sultana, G. B. Nair, A. K. Siddique, N. A. Hasan, R. B. Sack, D. A. Sack, K. U. Ahmed, A. Sadique, H. Watanabe, et al. (2007)
PNAS 104, 17801-17806
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Causes for the intriguing presence of tRNAs in phages.
M. Bailly-Bechet, M. Vergassola, and E. Rocha (2007)
Genome Res. 17, 1486-1495
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genetic Diversity of Toxigenic and Nontoxigenic Vibrio cholerae Serogroups O1 and O139 Revealed by Array-Based Comparative Genomic Hybridization.
B. Pang, M. Yan, Z. Cui, X. Ye, B. Diao, Y. Ren, S. Gao, L. Zhang, and B. Kan (2007)
J. Bacteriol. 189, 4837-4849
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Membrane Association and Multimerization of TcpT, the Cognate ATPase Ortholog of the Vibrio cholerae Toxin-Coregulated-Pilus Biogenesis Apparatus.
S. A. Tripathi and R. K. Taylor (2007)
J. Bacteriol. 189, 4401-4409
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phenotypic and genotypic traits and epidemiological implication of Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 strains in India during 2003.
S. Chatterjee, K. Ghosh, A. Raychoudhuri, A. Pan, M. K. Bhattacharya, A. K. Mukhopadhyay, T. Ramamurthy, S. K. Bhattacharya, and R. K. Nandy (2007)
J. Med. Microbiol. 56, 824-832
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Detection and Transformation of Genome Segments That Differ within a Coastal Population of Vibrio cholerae Strains.
M. C. Miller, D. P. Keymer, A. Avelar, A. B. Boehm, and G. K. Schoolnik (2007)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 73, 3695-3704
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Genome of Non-O1 Vibrio cholerae NRT36S Demonstrates the Presence of Pathogenic Mechanisms That Are Distinct from Those of O1 Vibrio cholerae.
Y. Chen, J. A. Johnson, G. D. Pusch, J. G. Morris Jr., and O. C. Stine (2007)
Infect. Immun. 75, 2645-2647
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Broad Up-Regulation of Innate Defense Factors during Acute Cholera.
C.-F. Flach, F. Qadri, T. R. Bhuiyan, N. H. Alam, E. Jennische, I. Lonnroth, and J. Holmgren (2007)
Infect. Immun. 75, 2343-2350
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Colicin Biology.
E. Cascales, S. K. Buchanan, D. Duche, C. Kleanthous, R. Lloubes, K. Postle, M. Riley, S. Slatin, and D. Cavard (2007)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 71, 158-229
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Detection of Vibrio cholerae by Real-Time Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification.
E. M. Fykse, G. Skogan, W. Davies, J. S. Olsen, and J. M. Blatny (2007)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 73, 1457-1466
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Role of Streptococcal T Antigens in Superficial Skin Infection.
S. Lizano, F. Luo, and D. E. Bessen (2007)
J. Bacteriol. 189, 1426-1434
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Global Dissemination of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Serotype O3:K6 and Its Serovariants.
G. B. Nair, T. Ramamurthy, S. K. Bhattacharya, B. Dutta, Y. Takeda, and D. A. Sack (2007)
Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 20, 39-48
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genetic organization of pre-CTX and CTX prophages in the genome of an environmental Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 strain.
D. Maiti, B. Das, A. Saha, R. K. Nandy, G. B. Nair, and R. K. Bhadra (2006)
Microbiology 152, 3633-3641
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of Proinflammatory Flagellin Proteins in Supernatants of Vibrio cholerae O1 by Proteomics Analysis.
J. Xicohtencatl-Cortes, S. Lyons, A. P. Chaparro, D. R. Hernandez, Z. Saldana, M. A. Ledesma, M. A. Rendon, A. T. Gewirtz, K. E. Klose, and J. A. Giron (2006)
Mol. Cell. Proteomics 5, 2374-2383
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transcutaneous Immunization with Toxin-Coregulated Pilin A Induces Protective Immunity against Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor Challenge in Mice..
J. E. Rollenhagen, A. Kalsy, F. Cerda, M. John, J. B. Harris, R. C. LaRocque, F. Qadri, S. B. Calderwood, R. K. Taylor, and E. T. Ryan (2006)
Infect. Immun. 74, 5834-5839
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Selective Barrier to Horizontal Gene Transfer in the T4-Type Bacteriophages That Has Preserved a Core Genome with the Viral Replication and Structural Genes.
J. Filee, E. Bapteste, E. Susko, and H. M. Krisch (2006)
Mol. Biol. Evol. 23, 1688-1696
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Bacteriophage-mediated competition in Bordetella bacteria.
J. Joo, M. Gunny, M. Cases, P. Hudson, R. Albert, and E. Harvill (2006)
Proc R Soc B 273, 1843-1848
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Vibrio2005: the First International Conference on the Biology of Vibrios.
F. L. Thompson, K. E. Klose, and the AVIB Group (2006)
J. Bacteriol. 188, 4592-4596
   Full Text »    PDF »
Borrelia burgdorferi EbfC, a Novel, Chromosomally Encoded Protein, Binds Specific DNA Sequences Adjacent to erp Loci on the Spirochete's Resident cp32 Prophages..
K. Babb, T. Bykowski, S. P. Riley, M. C. Miller, E. DeMoll, and B. Stevenson (2006)
J. Bacteriol. 188, 4331-4339
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Modeling the role of bacteriophage in the control of cholera outbreaks.
M. A. Jensen, S. M. Faruque, J. J. Mekalanos, and B. R. Levin (2006)
PNAS 103, 4652-4657
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Importance of Heat-Labile Enterotoxin in Colonization of the Adult Mouse Small Intestine by Human Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Strains.
K. P. Allen, M. M. Randolph, and J. M. Fleckenstein (2006)
Infect. Immun. 74, 869-875
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Activation of the Vibrio cholerae SOS Response Is Not Required for Intestinal Cholera Toxin Production or Colonization.
M. Quinones, B. M. Davis, and M. K. Waldor (2006)
Infect. Immun. 74, 927-930
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor isolates from Mozambique that harbour the classical CTX prophage.
J. H. Lee, K. H. Han, S. Y. Choi, M. E. S. Lucas, C. Mondlane, M. Ansaruzzaman, G. B. Nair, D. A. Sack, L. von Seidlein, J. D. Clemens, et al. (2006)
J. Med. Microbiol. 55, 165-170
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Microarray-based detection of genetic heterogeneity, antimicrobial resistance, and the viable but nonculturable state in human pathogenic Vibrio spp..
G. J. Vora, C. E. Meador, M. M. Bird, C. A. Bopp, J. D. Andreadis, and D. A. Stenger (2005)
PNAS 102, 19109-19114
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Chitin Induces Natural Competence in Vibrio cholerae.
K. L. Meibom, M. Blokesch, N. A. Dolganov, C.-Y. Wu, and G. K. Schoolnik (2005)
Science 310, 1824-1827
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Vibrio cholerae ToxT Independently Activates the Divergently Transcribed aldA and tagA Genes.
J. H. Withey and V. J. DiRita (2005)
J. Bacteriol. 187, 7890-7900
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Vibrio cholerae Virulence and Intestinal Colonization.
D. T. Hung, E. A. Shakhnovich, E. Pierson, and J. J. Mekalanos (2005)
Science 310, 670-674
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Hyperinfectivity of Human-Passaged Vibrio cholerae Can Be Modeled by Growth in the Infant Mouse.
A. Alam, R. C. LaRocque, J. B. Harris, C. Vanderspurt, E. T. Ryan, F. Qadri, and S. B. Calderwood (2005)
Infect. Immun. 73, 6674-6679
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Roles of the Regulatory Proteins FlhF and FlhG in the Vibrio cholerae Flagellar Transcription Hierarchy.
N. E. Correa, F. Peng, and K. E. Klose (2005)
J. Bacteriol. 187, 6324-6332
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Structural features, properties and regulation of the outer-membrane protein W (OmpW) of Vibrio cholerae.
B. Nandi, R. K. Nandy, A. Sarkar, and A. C. Ghose (2005)
Microbiology 151, 2975-2986
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Marine T4-type bacteriophages, a ubiquitous component of the dark matter of the biosphere.
J. Filee, F. Tetart, C. A. Suttle, and H. M. Krisch (2005)
PNAS 102, 12471-12476
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
TcpF Is a Soluble Colonization Factor and Protective Antigen Secreted by El Tor and Classical O1 and O139 Vibrio cholerae Serogroups.
T. J. Kirn and R. K. Taylor (2005)
Infect. Immun. 73, 4461-4470
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transcriptional Profiling of Vibrio cholerae Recovered Directly from Patient Specimens during Early and Late Stages of Human Infection.
R. C. LaRocque, J. B. Harris, M. Dziejman, X. Li, A. I. Khan, A. S. G. Faruque, S. M. Faruque, G. B. Nair, E. T. Ryan, F. Qadri, et al. (2005)
Infect. Immun. 73, 4488-4493
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Use of Suppression-Subtractive Hybridization To Identify Genes in the Burkholderia cepacia Complex That Are Unique to Burkholderia cenocepacia.
S. P. Bernier and P. A. Sokol (2005)
J. Bacteriol. 187, 5278-5291
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A sensitive, support-vector-machine method for the detection of horizontal gene transfers in viral, archaeal and bacterial genomes.
A. Tsirigos and I. Rigoutsos (2005)
Nucleic Acids Res. 33, 3699-3707
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A chromosomally integrated bacteriophage in invasive meningococci.
E. Bille, J.-R. Zahar, A. Perrin, S. Morelle, P. Kriz, K. A. Jolley, M. C.J. Maiden, C. Dervin, X. Nassif, and C. R. Tinsley (2005)
J. Exp. Med. 201, 1905-1913
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genomic Sequence and Receptor for the Vibrio cholerae Phage KSF-1{Phi}: Evolutionary Divergence among Filamentous Vibriophages Mediating Lateral Gene Transfer.
S. M. Faruque, I. Bin Naser, K. Fujihara, P. Diraphat, N. Chowdhury, M. Kamruzzaman, F. Qadri, S. Yamasaki, A. N. Ghosh, and J. J. Mekalanos (2005)
J. Bacteriol. 187, 4095-4103
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Virulence and the Environment: a Novel Role for Vibrio cholerae Toxin-Coregulated Pili in Biofilm Formation on Chitin.
G. Reguera and R. Kolter (2005)
J. Bacteriol. 187, 3551-3555
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Glimpse into the Expanded Genome Content of Vibrio cholerae through Identification of Genes Present in Environmental Strains.
A. Purdy, F. Rohwer, R. Edwards, F. Azam, and D. H. Bartlett (2005)
J. Bacteriol. 187, 2992-3001
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Requirements for Vibrio cholerae HapR Binding and Transcriptional Repression at the hapR Promoter Are Distinct from Those at the aphA Promoter.
W. Lin, G. Kovacikova, and K. Skorupski (2005)
J. Bacteriol. 187, 3013-3019
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Self-limiting nature of seasonal cholera epidemics: Role of host-mediated amplification of phage.
S. M. Faruque, M. J. Islam, Q. S. Ahmad, A. S. G. Faruque, D. A. Sack, G. B. Nair, and J. J. Mekalanos (2005)
PNAS 102, 6119-6124
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Crystal Structure of the Virulence Gene Activator AphA from Vibrio cholerae Reveals It Is a Novel Member of the Winged Helix Transcription Factor Superfamily.
R. S. De Silva, G. Kovacikova, W. Lin, R. K. Taylor, K. Skorupski, and F. J. Kull (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280, 13779-13783
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Linkage of the Horizontally Acquired ypm and pil Genes in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.
F. Collyn, H. Fukushima, C. Carnoy, M. Simonet, and P. Vincent (2005)
Infect. Immun. 73, 2556-2558
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identification of a TcpC-TcpQ Outer Membrane Complex Involved in the Biogenesis of the Toxin-Coregulated Pilus of Vibrio cholerae.
N. Bose and R. K. Taylor (2005)
J. Bacteriol. 187, 2225-2232
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genomic characterization of non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae reveals genes for a type III secretion system.
M. Dziejman, D. Serruto, V. C. Tam, D. Sturtevant, P. Diraphat, S. M. Faruque, M. H. Rahman, J. F. Heidelberg, J. Decker, L. Li, et al. (2005)
PNAS 102, 3465-3470
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Complete genome sequence of Vibrio fischeri: A symbiotic bacterium with pathogenic congeners.
E. G. Ruby, M. Urbanowski, J. Campbell, A. Dunn, M. Faini, R. Gunsalus, P. Lostroh, C. Lupp, J. McCann, D. Millikan, et al. (2005)
PNAS 102, 3004-3009
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Analysis of the Piv Recombinase-Related Gene Family of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
E. P. Skaar, B. LeCuyer, A. G. Lenich, M. P. Lazio, D. Perkins-Balding, H. S. Seifert, and A. C. Karls (2005)
J. Bacteriol. 187, 1276-1286
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Seasonal epidemics of cholera inversely correlate with the prevalence of environmental cholera phages.
S. M. Faruque, I. B. Naser, M. J. Islam, A. S. G. Faruque, A. N. Ghosh, G. B. Nair, D. A. Sack, and J. J. Mekalanos (2005)
PNAS 102, 1702-1707
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Molecular evolution of Vibrio pathogenicity island-2 (VPI-2): mosaic structure among Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio mimicus natural isolates.
W. S. Jermyn and E. F. Boyd (2005)
Microbiology 151, 311-322
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genome Comparison In Silico in Neisseria Suggests Integration of Filamentous Bacteriophages by their Own Transposase.
M. Kawai, I. Uchiyama, and I. Kobayashi (2005)
DNA Res 12, 389-401
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Diverse CTX Phages among Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 Strains Isolated between 1994 and 2002 in an Area Where Cholera is Endemic in Bangladesh.
S. Nusrin, G. Y. Khan, N. A. Bhuiyan, M. Ansaruzzaman, M. A. Hossain, A. Safa, R. Khan, S. M. Faruque, D. A. Sack, T. Hamabata, et al. (2004)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 5854-5856
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Vibrio seventh pandemic island-II is a 26{middle dot}9 kb genomic island present in Vibrio cholerae El Tor and O139 serogroup isolates that shows homology to a 43{middle dot}4 kb genomic island in V. vulnificus.
Y. A. O'Shea, S. Finnan, F. J. Reen, J. P. Morrissey, F. O'Gara, and E. F. Boyd (2004)
Microbiology 150, 4053-4063
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
ModA and ModB, Two ADP-Ribosyltransferases Encoded by Bacteriophage T4: Catalytic Properties and Mutation Analysis.
B. Tiemann, R. Depping, E. Gineikiene, L. Kaliniene, R. Nivinskas, and W. Ruger (2004)
J. Bacteriol. 186, 7262-7272
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Therapy of Experimental Pseudomonas Infections with a Nonreplicating Genetically Modified Phage.
S. Hagens, A. Habel, U. von Ahsen, A. von Gabain, and U. Blasi (2004)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48, 3817-3822
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Evolutionary Genetic Analysis of the Emergence of Epidemic Vibrio cholerae Isolates on the Basis of Comparative Nucleotide Sequence Analysis and Multilocus Virulence Gene Profiles.
Y. A. O'Shea, F. J. Reen, A. M. Quirke, and E. F. Boyd (2004)
J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 4657-4671
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Biodiversity of Vibrios.
F. L. Thompson, T. Iida, and J. Swings (2004)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 68, 403-431
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phages and the Evolution of Bacterial Pathogens: from Genomic Rearrangements to Lysogenic Conversion.
H. Brussow, C. Canchaya, and W.-D. Hardt (2004)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 68, 560-602
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Complete Genomic Nucleotide Sequence of the Temperate Bacteriophage Aa{Phi}23 of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.
G. Resch, E. M. Kulik, F. S. Dietrich, and J. Meyer (2004)
J. Bacteriol. 186, 5523-5528
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Both chemotaxis and net motility greatly influence the infectivity of Vibrio cholerae.
S. M. Butler and A. Camilli (2004)
PNAS 101, 5018-5023
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics and Epidemiological Significance of ctx+ Strains of Vibrio cholerae Isolated from Seafood in Malaysia.
C.-H. Chen, T. Shimada, N. Elhadi, S. Radu, and M. Nishibuchi (2004)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 70, 1964-1972
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Spatiotemporal Analysis of Acid Adaptation-Mediated Vibrio cholerae Hyperinfectivity.
M. J. Angelichio, D. S. Merrell, and A. Camilli (2004)
Infect. Immun. 72, 2405-2407
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Phage Community Dynamics in Hot Springs.
M. Breitbart, L. Wegley, S. Leeds, T. Schoenfeld, and F. Rohwer (2004)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 70, 1633-1640
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genomic and Genetic Analysis of Bordetella Bacteriophages Encoding Reverse Transcriptase-Mediated Tropism-Switching Cassettes.
M. Liu, M. Gingery, S. R. Doulatov, Y. Liu, A. Hodes, S. Baker, P. Davis, M. Simmonds, C. Churcher, K. Mungall, et al. (2004)
J. Bacteriol. 186, 1503-1517
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The CTX{phi} Repressor RstR Binds DNA Cooperatively to Form Tetrameric Repressor-Operator Complexes.
H. H. Kimsey and M. K. Waldor (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, 2640-2647
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Making sense of an alphabet soup: the use of a new bioinformatics tool for identification of novel gene islands. Focus on "Identification of genomic islands in the genome of Bacillus cereus by comparative analysis with Bacillus anthracis".
A. O. Charkowski (2004)
Physiol Genomics 16, 180-181
   Full Text »    PDF »
Pathogenicity Islands in Bacterial Pathogenesis.
H. Schmidt and M. Hensel (2004)
Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17, 14-56
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Novel Type of Specialized Transduction for CTX{phi} or Its Satellite Phage RS1 Mediated by Filamentous Phage VGJ{phi} in Vibrio cholerae.
J. Campos, E. Martinez, K. Marrero, Y. Silva, B. L. Rodriguez, E. Suzarte, T. Ledon, and R. Fando (2003)
J. Bacteriol. 185, 7231-7240
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Prevalence of Cholera Toxin Genes (ctxA and zot) among Non-O1/O139 Vibrio cholerae Strains from Newport Bay, California.
S. Jiang, W. Chu, and W. Fu (2003)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 69, 7541-7544
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Transcription of the Toxin Genes Present within the Staphylococcal Phage {phi}Sa3ms Is Intimately Linked with the Phage's Life Cycle.
P. Sumby and M. K. Waldor (2003)
J. Bacteriol. 185, 6841-6851
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Vibrio Pathogenicity Island of Epidemic Vibrio cholerae Forms Precise Extrachromosomal Circular Excision Products.
C. Rajanna, J. Wang, D. Zhang, Z. Xu, A. Ali, Y.-M. Hou, and D. K. R. Karaolis (2003)
J. Bacteriol. 185, 6893-6901
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Sampling Natural Viral Communities from Soil for Culture-Independent Analyses.
K. E. Williamson, K. E. Wommack, and M. Radosevich (2003)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 69, 6628-6633
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Genome Sequences of Two Closely Related Vibrio parahaemolyticus Phages, VP16T and VP16C.
V. Seguritan, I-W. Feng, F. Rohwer, M. Swift, and A. M. Segall (2003)
J. Bacteriol. 185, 6434-6447
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Construction and Evaluation of a Safe, Live, Oral Vibrio cholerae Vaccine Candidate, IEM108.
W. Liang, S. Wang, F. Yu, L. Zhang, G. Qi, Y. Liu, S. Gao, and B. Kan (2003)
Infect. Immun. 71, 5498-5504
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Global Regulator ArcA Modulates Expression of Virulence Factors in Vibrio cholerae.
N. Sengupta, K. Paul, and R. Chowdhury (2003)
Infect. Immun. 71, 5583-5589
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
VGJ{phi}, a Novel Filamentous Phage of Vibrio cholerae, Integrates into the Same Chromosomal Site as CTX{phi}.
J. Campos, E. Martinez, E. Suzarte, B. L. Rodriguez, K. Marrero, Y. Silva, T. Ledon, R. del Sol, and R. Fando (2003)
J. Bacteriol. 185, 5685-5696
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »



To Advertise     Find Products


Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)