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Science 28 June 1996: Vol. 272. no. 5270, pp. 1910 - 1914 DOI: 10.1126/science.272.5270.1910
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Research Articles
Lysogenic Conversion by a Filamentous Phage Encoding Cholera
Toxin
Matthew K. Waldor
*
and
John J. Mekalanos
Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera,
requires two coordinately regulated factors for full virulence: cholera
toxin (CT), a potent enterotoxin, and toxin-coregulated pili
(TCP), surface organelles required for intestinal colonization.
The structural genes for CT are shown here to be encoded by a
filamentous bacteriophage (designated CTX ), which is related to
coliphage M13. The CTX genome chromosomally integrated or replicated
as a plasmid. CTX used TCP as its receptor and infected V. cholerae cells within the gastrointestinal tracts of mice more
efficiently than under laboratory conditions. Thus, the emergence of
toxigenic V. cholerae involves horizontal gene transfer that
may depend on in vivo gene expression.
The authors are in the Department of Microbiology and Molecular
Genetics, Shipley Institute of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
*
Present address: Tupper Research Institute, Division of
Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, New England Medical Center
#41, 750 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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- Molecular evolution of Vibrio pathogenicity island-2 (VPI-2): mosaic structure among Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio mimicus natural isolates.
- W. S. Jermyn and E. F. Boyd (2005)
Microbiology
151, 311-322
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- Genome Comparison In Silico in Neisseria Suggests Integration of Filamentous Bacteriophages by their Own Transposase.
- M. Kawai, I. Uchiyama, and I. Kobayashi (2005)
DNA Res
12, 389-401
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- Diverse CTX Phages among Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 Strains Isolated between 1994 and 2002 in an Area Where Cholera is Endemic in Bangladesh.
- S. Nusrin, G. Y. Khan, N. A. Bhuiyan, M. Ansaruzzaman, M. A. Hossain, A. Safa, R. Khan, S. M. Faruque, D. A. Sack, T. Hamabata, et al. (2004)
J. Clin. Microbiol.
42, 5854-5856
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- The Vibrio seventh pandemic island-II is a 26{middle dot}9 kb genomic island present in Vibrio cholerae El Tor and O139 serogroup isolates that shows homology to a 43{middle dot}4 kb genomic island in V. vulnificus.
- Y. A. O'Shea, S. Finnan, F. J. Reen, J. P. Morrissey, F. O'Gara, and E. F. Boyd (2004)
Microbiology
150, 4053-4063
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- ModA and ModB, Two ADP-Ribosyltransferases Encoded by Bacteriophage T4: Catalytic Properties and Mutation Analysis.
- B. Tiemann, R. Depping, E. Gineikiene, L. Kaliniene, R. Nivinskas, and W. Ruger (2004)
J. Bacteriol.
186, 7262-7272
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- Therapy of Experimental Pseudomonas Infections with a Nonreplicating Genetically Modified Phage.
- S. Hagens, A. Habel, U. von Ahsen, A. von Gabain, and U. Blasi (2004)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
48, 3817-3822
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- Evolutionary Genetic Analysis of the Emergence of Epidemic Vibrio cholerae Isolates on the Basis of Comparative Nucleotide Sequence Analysis and Multilocus Virulence Gene Profiles.
- Y. A. O'Shea, F. J. Reen, A. M. Quirke, and E. F. Boyd (2004)
J. Clin. Microbiol.
42, 4657-4671
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- Biodiversity of Vibrios.
- F. L. Thompson, T. Iida, and J. Swings (2004)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.
68, 403-431
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- Phages and the Evolution of Bacterial Pathogens: from Genomic Rearrangements to Lysogenic Conversion.
- H. Brussow, C. Canchaya, and W.-D. Hardt (2004)
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.
68, 560-602
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- Complete Genomic Nucleotide Sequence of the Temperate Bacteriophage Aa{Phi}23 of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.
- G. Resch, E. M. Kulik, F. S. Dietrich, and J. Meyer (2004)
J. Bacteriol.
186, 5523-5528
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- Both chemotaxis and net motility greatly influence the infectivity of Vibrio cholerae.
- S. M. Butler and A. Camilli (2004)
PNAS
101, 5018-5023
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- Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics and Epidemiological Significance of ctx+ Strains of Vibrio cholerae Isolated from Seafood in Malaysia.
- C.-H. Chen, T. Shimada, N. Elhadi, S. Radu, and M. Nishibuchi (2004)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol.
70, 1964-1972
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- Spatiotemporal Analysis of Acid Adaptation-Mediated Vibrio cholerae Hyperinfectivity.
- M. J. Angelichio, D. S. Merrell, and A. Camilli (2004)
Infect. Immun.
72, 2405-2407
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- Phage Community Dynamics in Hot Springs.
- M. Breitbart, L. Wegley, S. Leeds, T. Schoenfeld, and F. Rohwer (2004)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol.
70, 1633-1640
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- Genomic and Genetic Analysis of Bordetella Bacteriophages Encoding Reverse Transcriptase-Mediated Tropism-Switching Cassettes.
- M. Liu, M. Gingery, S. R. Doulatov, Y. Liu, A. Hodes, S. Baker, P. Davis, M. Simmonds, C. Churcher, K. Mungall, et al. (2004)
J. Bacteriol.
186, 1503-1517
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- The CTX{phi} Repressor RstR Binds DNA Cooperatively to Form Tetrameric Repressor-Operator Complexes.
- H. H. Kimsey and M. K. Waldor (2004)
J. Biol. Chem.
279, 2640-2647
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- Making sense of an alphabet soup: the use of a new bioinformatics tool for identification of novel gene islands. Focus on "Identification of genomic islands in the genome of Bacillus cereus by comparative analysis with Bacillus anthracis".
- A. O. Charkowski (2004)
Physiol Genomics
16, 180-181
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- Pathogenicity Islands in Bacterial Pathogenesis.
- H. Schmidt and M. Hensel (2004)
Clin. Microbiol. Rev.
17, 14-56
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- Novel Type of Specialized Transduction for CTX{phi} or Its Satellite Phage RS1 Mediated by Filamentous Phage VGJ{phi} in Vibrio cholerae.
- J. Campos, E. Martinez, K. Marrero, Y. Silva, B. L. Rodriguez, E. Suzarte, T. Ledon, and R. Fando (2003)
J. Bacteriol.
185, 7231-7240
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- Prevalence of Cholera Toxin Genes (ctxA and zot) among Non-O1/O139 Vibrio cholerae Strains from Newport Bay, California.
- S. Jiang, W. Chu, and W. Fu (2003)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol.
69, 7541-7544
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- Transcription of the Toxin Genes Present within the Staphylococcal Phage {phi}Sa3ms Is Intimately Linked with the Phage's Life Cycle.
- P. Sumby and M. K. Waldor (2003)
J. Bacteriol.
185, 6841-6851
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- The Vibrio Pathogenicity Island of Epidemic Vibrio cholerae Forms Precise Extrachromosomal Circular Excision Products.
- C. Rajanna, J. Wang, D. Zhang, Z. Xu, A. Ali, Y.-M. Hou, and D. K. R. Karaolis (2003)
J. Bacteriol.
185, 6893-6901
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- Sampling Natural Viral Communities from Soil for Culture-Independent Analyses.
- K. E. Williamson, K. E. Wommack, and M. Radosevich (2003)
Appl. Envir. Microbiol.
69, 6628-6633
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- Genome Sequences of Two Closely Related Vibrio parahaemolyticus Phages, VP16T and VP16C.
- V. Seguritan, I-W. Feng, F. Rohwer, M. Swift, and A. M. Segall (2003)
J. Bacteriol.
185, 6434-6447
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- Construction and Evaluation of a Safe, Live, Oral Vibrio cholerae Vaccine Candidate, IEM108.
- W. Liang, S. Wang, F. Yu, L. Zhang, G. Qi, Y. Liu, S. Gao, and B. Kan (2003)
Infect. Immun.
71, 5498-5504
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- The Global Regulator ArcA Modulates Expression of Virulence Factors in Vibrio cholerae.
- N. Sengupta, K. Paul, and R. Chowdhury (2003)
Infect. Immun.
71, 5583-5589
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- VGJ{phi}, a Novel Filamentous Phage of Vibrio cholerae, Integrates into the Same Chromosomal Site as CTX{phi}.
- J. Campos, E. Martinez, E. Suzarte, B. L. Rodriguez, K. Marrero, Y. Silva, T. Ledon, R. del Sol, and R. Fando (2003)
J. Bacteriol.
185, 5685-5696
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