HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS: Money Matters

Leslie Roberts and Barbara Jasny
Science 25 July 2008: 511.
Summary »|   PDF »|   Web Resources »|  

News

The Great Funding Surge

Jon Cohen
Science 25 July 2008: 512-519.
HIV/AIDS now attracts billions of dollars each year, extending millions of lives. But many remain untreated and, without better prevention, the money will soon fall short. Full Text »|   PDF »|   Expanded Table »|  Podcast Interview »|  

Bang for the Buck

Jon Cohen
Science 25 July 2008: 518-519.
Three modest investments by the U.S. National Institutes of Health are yielding big dividends to many in the field of HIV/AIDS research. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Where Have All the Dollars Gone?

Jon Cohen
Science 25 July 2008: 520.
Science gives the lowdown on who has received the most money for HIV/AIDS research from the National Institutes of Health and which authors and institutions have published the highest impact HIV/AIDS papers. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Uganda Confronts Corruption, Slowly

Jon Cohen
Science 25 July 2008: 522-525.
When allegations surfaced that Global Fund grants had been pilfered, a high-level commission promptly investigated and wrote a scathing report--that sat on shelves. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

The High Cost of Stolen Funds

Jon Cohen
Science 25 July 2008: 523.
Mayanja Lubwama, a 44-year-old HIV-infected man who lives with his wife and four of their six children in a cramped house on the outskirts of Kampala, is one of many Ugandans who were hurt by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria corruption case (see main text). Full Text »|   PDF »|  

The Global Fund's Best Friend?

Jon Cohen
Science 25 July 2008: 524.
By Bernard Rivers's own description, he's a "loving watchdog" of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, "a dog that spends much more of its time wagging its tail than barking," he adds. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Botswana's Success Comes at Steep Cost

Jon Cohen
Science 25 July 2008: 526-529.
HIV/AIDS has walloped this tiny country, but it has hit back hard with a pioneering treatment program. Prevention efforts have lagged, however, and could unravel the gains. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Perspectives

HIV Vaccine Research: The Way Forward

Anthony S. Fauci, Margaret I. Johnston, Carl W. Dieffenbach, Dennis R. Burton, Scott M. Hammer, James A. Hoxie, Malcolm Martin, Julie Overbaugh, David I. Watkins, Adel Mahmoud, and Warner C. Greene
Science 25 July 2008: 530-532.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Podcast Interview »|  

Whither or Wither Microbicides?

Robert M. Grant, Dean Hamer, Thomas Hope, Rowena Johnston, Joep Lange, Michael M. Lederman, Judy Lieberman, Christopher J Miller, John P. Moore, Donald E. Mosier, Douglas D. Richman, Robert T. Schooley, Marty S. Springer, Ronald S. Veazey, and Mark A. Wainberg
Science 25 July 2008: 532-534.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 25 July 2008: 461.
|Full Text »

Editorial:
HIV/AIDS in Latin America

Luis E. Soto-Ramírez
Science 25 July 2008: 465.
Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 25 July 2008: 466.
|Full Text »

Science Podcast

Science 25 July 2008: 578.
The 25 July 2008 show includes next steps for an HIV vaccine, trends in HIV/AIDS research funding, congressional earmarks, your letters to Science, and more. Full Text »|   Transcript »|  

NEW PRODUCTS

Science 25 July 2008: 578.
Summary »|   PDF »|  

News of the Week

AIDS VACCINE RESEARCH: Thumbs Down on Expensive, Hotly Debated Trial of NIH AIDS Vaccine

Jon Cohen
Science 25 July 2008: 472.
When he scuttled plans for a $63 million AIDS vaccine efficacy trial last week, Anthony Fauci, director of the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, challenged researchers to come up with a "lean and mean" alternative. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT: New Purdue Panel Faults Bubble Fusion Pioneer

Robert F. Service
Science 25 July 2008: 473.
After two previous investigations of scientific misconduct by "bubble fusion" pioneer Rusi Taleyarkhan, a third panel has now cited Taleyarkhan for two cases of misconduct for his efforts to make experiments carried out by members of his lab appear as independent verification of his previous work. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

SCIENCE IN JAPAN: Paper Retraction Puts Focus on Informed Consent Rules

Dennis Normile
Science 25 July 2008: 474.
Stung by a front-page newspaper exposé of an alleged lapse in research ethics, officials at the University of Tokyo's Institute of Medical Science are planning to overhaul efforts to educate researchers on ethics rules and tighten internal review and compliance procedures. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS: Europe's Science Gathering Draws Crowds and Long-Term Funds

Martin Enserink
Science 25 July 2008: 475.
This year's EuroScience Open Forum saw twice as many participants as attended the 2006 edition in Munich--some 4500 from 66 countries, including about 400 journalists--more sessions, and a greater variety of big names. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE: Lessons of Disasters Past Could Guide Sichuan's Revival

Richard Stone
Science 25 July 2008: 476.
Two months after an earthquake devastated a mountainous swath of Sichuan Province, urban planning experts met in Beijing to take stock of how past disaster responses could guide a massive reconstruction effort about to get under way. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY: EPA Calls for More Studies on Health Risks of Climate Change

Eli Kintisch
Science 25 July 2008: 477.
Last week, a new report by the U.S. government's climate change science program outlined a research road map to help Americans adapt to a warmer climate. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ScienceScope

Science 25 July 2008: 475.
|Full Text »

Random Samples

Science 25 July 2008: 469.
|Full Text »

Newsmakers

Science 25 July 2008: 471.
|Full Text »

News Focus

ASTRONOMY: From Atop a Mountain, A Deeper Look at the Sun

Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 25 July 2008: 478-479.
The world's largest solar telescope could help answer long-standing questions about our nearest star. But with environmental opposition and budgetary challenges, will it get built? Full Text »|   PDF »|  

U.S. RESEARCH EARMARKS: Building a Scientific Legacy on a Controversial Foundation

Jeffrey Mervis
Science 25 July 2008: 480-483.
Most scientists deplore the practice. But the first wave of congressional earmarks for academic research created two centers that have stood the test of time. Full Text »|   PDF »|   Podcast Interview »|  

PLANETARY SCIENCE: Water Everywhere on Early Mars But Only for a Geologic Moment?

Richard A. Kerr
Science 25 July 2008: 484-485.
Planetary scientists pursuing water and life on Mars must reconcile mounting evidence of a young planet awash in life-sustaining water with a growing realization that the martian surface was likely almost always dry. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

BEHAVIOR GENETICS ASSOCIATION: Voting: In Your Genes?

Constance Holden
Science 25 July 2008: 486.
At the Behavior Genetics Association meeting, a political scientist presented evidence that DNA has a hand in the intensity of people's partisan political attachments and even in whether they bother to vote. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

BEHAVIOR GENETICS ASSOCIATION: The Sociable Brain

Constance Holden
Science 25 July 2008: 487.
A recent test of the "social brain theory," which suggests that human brain size was selected in particular for capabilities that are useful in social groups, found no correlation between IQ and number of friendships, according to results presented at the Behavior Genetics Association meeting. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

BEHAVIOR GENETICS ASSOCIATION: Do Good Sperm Predict a Good Brain?

Constance Holden
Science 25 July 2008: 487.
In work presented at the Behavior Genetics Association meeting, researchers found a low but significant correlation between IQ and sperm quality. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Letters

 Retraction

J. M. Geremia, John K. Stockton, and Hideo Mabuchi
Science 25 July 2008: 489.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 Doubts About GM Crops

Phil Mitchell
Science 25 July 2008: 489.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 Italy Not Alone in Science System Woes

Martina Vendrame
Science 25 July 2008: 489.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 Leave Regulation to the FDA

Owen C. B. Hughes
Science 25 July 2008: 490.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 Corrections and Clarifications

Science 25 July 2008: 490.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Books et al.

TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Avoiding a Cliff Dive

Brett M. Frischmann
Science 25 July 2008: 491-492.
The author argues that the runaway success of the Internet has placed it on the road to an innovation-stifling and centrally monitored (and controlled) state. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

GENETICS: Thoughts on Humane Genetics

Robert Pollack
Science 25 July 2008: 492-493.
This volume combines a reprint of Charles Davenport's 1911 Heredity in Relation to Eugenics with discussions of its themes—including human genetic variation, mental illness, nature versus nurture, and human evolution—in a contemporary context. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Books Received

Science 25 July 2008: 492.
Summary »|  

Education Forum

DIVERSITY: Gender Similarities Characterize Math Performance

Janet S. Hyde, Sara M. Lindberg, Marcia C. Linn, Amy B. Ellis, and Caroline C. Williams
Science 25 July 2008: 494-495.
Standardized tests in the U.S. indicate that girls now score just as well as boys in math. Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Perspectives

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: RNA Interference in the Nucleus

Gunter Meister
Science 25 July 2008: 496-497.
Studies of a protein that shuttles small regulatory RNA molecules into the nucleus suggest that additional factors may be required for nuclear import. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

PHYSICS: Elemental Complexity

Kamran Behnia
Science 25 July 2008: 497-498.
Elemental bismuth is generating excitement among condensed matter physicists studying interacting relativistic electrons beyond the quantum limit. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

BIOCHEMISTRY: A Natural Choice for Activating Hydrogen

Fraser A. Armstrong and Juan C. Fontecilla-Camps
Science 25 July 2008: 498-499.
The structure of a novel hydrogenase enzyme provides insights into how molecular hydrogen can be activated for use in biological processes. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

BIOCHEMISTRY: Cargo Load Reduction

Ineke Braakman and Mieko Otsu
Science 25 July 2008: 499-500.
A specific enzyme that reduces protein disulfide bonds is part of a complex that eliminates aggregated, misfolded proteins. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

PHYSICS: Let Quantum Mechanics Improve Your Images

Robert W. Boyd
Science 25 July 2008: 501-502.
Entanglement of light beams allows images to be transmitted and recorded in ways that surpass classical limits. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

MATERIALS SCIENCE: Bulk Metallic Glasses

Cormac J. Byrne and Morten Eldrup
Science 25 July 2008: 502-503.
Improved testing and a better understanding of the properties of bulk metallic glasses will lead to new avenues for commercial use. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Association Affairs

AAAS News and Notes

Science 25 July 2008: 504-505.
Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Review

Studying Atomic Structures by Aberration-Corrected Transmission Electron Microscopy

Knut W. Urban
Science 25 July 2008: 506-510.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Brevia

A Quantitative Link Between Recycling and Osmium Isotopes

Alexander V. Sobolev, Albrecht W. Hofmann, Gerhard Brügmann, Valentina G. Batanova, and Dmitry V. Kuzmin
Science 25 July 2008: 536.
Osmium isotope data and metal concentrations from Icelandic lavas show that the underlying mantle contains some recycled oceanic crust that is 1 to 2 billion years old. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Research Article

An Argonaute Transports siRNAs from the Cytoplasm to the Nucleus

Shouhong Guang, Aaron F. Bochner, Derek M. Pavelec, Kirk B. Burkhart, Sandra Harding, Jennifer Lachowiec, and Scott Kennedy
Science 25 July 2008: 537-541.
A protein similar to one that binds small cytoplasmic RNAs transports small RNAs into the nucleus, where they participate in RNA-based nuclear silencing processes. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

Entangling the Spatial Properties of Laser Beams

Katherine Wagner, Jiri Janousek, Vincent Delaubert, Hongxin Zou, Charles Harb, Nicolas Treps, Jean François Morizur, Ping Koy Lam, and Hans A. Bachor
Science 25 July 2008: 541-543.
Combining a spatially squeezed reference laser beam with another squeezed beam quantum mechanically entangles their position and momentum. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Entangled Images from Four-Wave Mixing

Vincent Boyer, Alberto M. Marino, Raphael C. Pooser, and Paul D. Lett
Science 25 July 2008: 544-547.
Published online 12 June 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1158275] (in Science Express Reports)
Passing light through a warm cloud of rubidium atoms creates quantum mechanically entangled twin images. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Phase Transitions of Dirac Electrons in Bismuth

Lu Li, J. G. Checkelsky, Y. S. Hor, C. Uher, A. F. Hebard, R. J. Cava, and N. P. Ong
Science 25 July 2008: 547-550.
Bismuth exhibits sharp phase transitions in its magnetization when subjected to high magnetic fields at low temperature. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Did Cooling Oceans Trigger Ordovician Biodiversification? Evidence from Conodont Thermometry

Julie A. Trotter, Ian S. Williams, Christopher R. Barnes, Christophe Lécuyer, and Robert S. Nicoll
Science 25 July 2008: 550-554.
About 450 million years ago, ocean temperatures dropped to values near those today after being much higher for many millions of years, coeval with a sharp jump in biodiversity. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Enhancement of Thermoelectric Efficiency in PbTe by Distortion of the Electronic Density of States

Joseph P. Heremans, Vladimir Jovovic, Eric S. Toberer, Ali Saramat, Ken Kurosaki, Anek Charoenphakdee, Shinsuke Yamanaka, and G. Jeffrey Snyder
Science 25 July 2008: 554-557.
Introduction of thallium into lead telluride improves its ability to generate electricity when heated by up to 50 percent. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

BSKs Mediate Signal Transduction from the Receptor Kinase BRI1 in Arabidopsis

Wenqiang Tang, Tae-Wuk Kim, Juan A. Oses-Prieto, Yu Sun, Zhiping Deng, Shengwei Zhu, Ruiju Wang, Alma L. Burlingame, and Zhi-Yong Wang
Science 25 July 2008: 557-560.
When a plant membrane receptor is activated by a steroid hormone, two kinases are phosphorylated that ultimately regulate gene expression and development. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

One-Third of Reef-Building Corals Face Elevated Extinction Risk from Climate Change and Local Impacts

Kent E. Carpenter, Muhammad Abrar, Greta Aeby, Richard B. Aronson, Stuart Banks, Andrew Bruckner, Angel Chiriboga, Jorge Cortés, J. Charles Delbeek, Lyndon DeVantier, Graham J. Edgar, Alasdair J. Edwards, Douglas Fenner, Héctor M. Guzmán, Bert W. Hoeksema, Gregor Hodgson, Ofri Johan, Wilfredo Y. Licuanan, Suzanne R. Livingstone, Edward R. Lovell, Jennifer A. Moore, David O. Obura, Domingo Ochavillo, Beth A. Polidoro, William F. Precht, Miledel C. Quibilan, Clarissa Reboton, Zoe T. Richards, Alex D. Rogers, Jonnell Sanciangco, Anne Sheppard, Charles Sheppard, Jennifer Smith, Simon Stuart, Emre Turak, John E. N. Veron, Carden Wallace, Ernesto Weil, and Elizabeth Wood
Science 25 July 2008: 560-563.
Published online 10 July 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1159196] (in Science Express Reports)
The viability of the world’s major coral reefs is endangered both by direct human disturbance and by disease and bleaching events brought on by climate change. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Eco1-Dependent Cohesin Acetylation During Establishment of Sister Chromatid Cohesion

Tom Rolef Ben-Shahar, Sebastian Heeger, Chris Lehane, Philip East, Helen Flynn, Mark Skehel, and Frank Uhlmann
Science 25 July 2008: 563-566.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

A Molecular Determinant for the Establishment of Sister Chromatid Cohesion

Elçin Ünal, Jill M. Heidinger-Pauli, Woong Kim, Vincent Guacci, Itay Onn, Steven P. Gygi, and Douglas E. Koshland
Science 25 July 2008: 566-569.
The pairing of newly replicated chromatids—essential for accurate cell division—is promoted by acetylation of one subunit of the protein cohesin by another subunit. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

ERdj5 Is Required as a Disulfide Reductase for Degradation of Misfolded Proteins in the ER

Ryo Ushioda, Jun Hoseki, Kazutaka Araki, Gregor Jansen, David Y. Thomas, and Kazuhiro Nagata
Science 25 July 2008: 569-572.
A disulfide reductase found in the endoplasmic reticulum cleaves the disulfide bonds of misfolded proteins so they can be transported into the cytoplasm for degradation. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

The Crystal Structure of [Fe]-Hydrogenase Reveals the Geometry of the Active Site

Seigo Shima, Oliver Pilak, Sonja Vogt, Michael Schick, Marco S. Stagni, Wolfram Meyer-Klaucke, Eberhard Warkentin, Rudolf K. Thauer, and Ulrich Ermler
Science 25 July 2008: 572-575.
Three hydrogenases that evolved independently exhibit similar features in their active sites, yielding clues for designing catalysts in hydrogen fuel cells. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Manipulating the Metazoan Mitochondrial Genome with Targeted Restriction Enzymes

Hong Xu, Steven Z. DeLuca, and Patrick H. O'Farrell
Science 25 July 2008: 575-577.
Flies with mutant mitochondria—generated by introduction of restriction enzymes—show many of the same phenotypes as humans with mitochondrial mutations. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Technical Comments

Comment on "Major Australian-Antarctic Plate Reorganization at Hawaiian-Emperor Bend Time"

Anahita A. Tikku and Nicholas G. Direen
Science 25 July 2008: 490.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Response to Comment on "Major Australian-Antarctic Plate Reorganization at Hawaiian-Emperor Bend Time"

J. M. Whittaker, R. D. Müller, G. Leitchenkov, H. Stagg, M. Sdrolias, C. Gaina, and A. Goncharov
Science 25 July 2008: 490.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|