This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 6 November 2009: 767.
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Editorial:
Development and Climate Change

Rosina M. Bierbaum and Robert B. Zoellick
Science 6 November 2009: 771.
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Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 6 November 2009: 773.
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Science Podcast

Science 6 November 2009: 875.
The show includes an unusual supernova, the origins of religion, your Letters to Science, and more. Summary »|   Full Text »|   Transcript »|  

New Products

Science 6 November 2009: 875.
A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

News of the Week

Physics
Helium-3 Shortage Could Put Freeze On Low-Temperature Research

Adrian Cho
Science 6 November 2009: 778-779.
A shortfall of helium-3, the lighter isotope of the most inert element, threatens several research fields, and the Department of Energy, the major supplier, is releasing the gas, which is used in neutron detectors that help prevent the smuggling of plutonium and other radioactive materials into the country, only to researchers with U.S. funding. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

U.S. Science Policy
Peer Review Not Popular at Homeland Security

Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 6 November 2009: 779.
An analysis of the Department of Homeland Security's $1 billion science and technology directorate has found that very little of its basic science research budget was awarded using peer review. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Stem Cells
CIRM Awards Seek to Move Cell Therapies to the Clinic

Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 6 November 2009: 780-781.
Five years after it launched, the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) last week awarded its first disease-oriented grants—$230 million to 14 teams—intended to speed stem cell therapies to patients. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Privacy
Court Orders Stanford Expert to Surrender Manuscript

Sam Kean
Science 6 November 2009: 780-781.
A Stanford University professor is fighting to keep his unpublished book manuscript out of the hands of tobacco company R.J. Reynolds, which subpoenaed it after he testified as an expert witness for smokers who are suing the company. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ScienceNOW.org
From Science's Online Daily News Site

Science 6 November 2009: 781.
ScienceNOW this week reported on fellatio among fruit bats, the death toll from a pair of man-eating lions, a primordial nuclear age, and the definition of p-value, among other stories. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Swine Flu Pandemic
Developing Countries to Get Some H1N1 Vaccine—But When?

Martin Enserink
Science 6 November 2009: 782.
The World Health Organization has promised to supply developing countries with H1N1 vaccine donated by manufacturers and rich countries. But it has secured only about 200 million doses for 95 countries that together are home to a third of the world's population. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Economic Recovery
When Counting Jobs Isn't Enough

Jeffrey Mervis
Science 6 November 2009: 783.
A federal pilot project launched this summer aims not just to improve the tracking of jobs created by the $787 billion stimulus package but also to lay the foundation for a system to measure the impact of research on the U.S. economy. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ScienceInsider
From the Science Policy Blog

Science 6 November 2009: 783.
ScienceInsider reported this week on the National Institutes of Health's decision to fund 840 of the more than 20,000 applications it received for its vaunted Challenge Grants program and a petition to the United Nations human rights committee to stop the Large Hadron Collider from restarting because of risks that the collisions could create dangerous mini–black holes, among other stories. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Random Samples

Science 6 November 2009: 777.
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News Focus

Origins
On the Origin of Religion

Elizabeth Culotta
Science 6 November 2009: 784-787.
How and when did religion arise? In the 11th essay in Science's series in honor of the Year of Darwin, Elizabeth Culotta explores the human propensity to believe in unseen deities. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Podcast Interview »|  

20 Years After the Wall
Aufbau Ost: Max Planck's East German Experiment

Gretchen Vogel
Science 6 November 2009: 788-791.
The Max Planck Society's expansion into the former East Germany seeded top science into the region, but challenges remain in making sure the successes take root. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

20 Years After the Wall
Why So Few East German Directors?

Gretchen Vogel
Science 6 November 2009: 791.
The reunification of Germany was a mixed blessing for East German scientists. For many, especially the younger ones, it was a great opportunity (see p. 792). But others were set adrift when entire preexisting eastern institutes were closed or cut to a fraction of their original size. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

20 Years After the Wall: Profile: Hübner Family
Big Dreams Come True

Andrew Curry
Science 6 November 2009: 792-793.
An East German family of scientists reflects on life before and after 1989. The Hübners have become a dynamic demonstration of how the lives of scientists in the former East Germany have changed over the past 2 decades. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

DNA Sequencing
No Genome Left Behind

Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 6 November 2009: 794-795.
A project to sequence 10,000 vertebrates has just been launched, but sequencing technologies are not yet up to the task. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Letters

 Space Goals Require Worldwide Participation

William E. Howard, III
Science 6 November 2009: 797.
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 Biobanks: Questioning Distinctions

Mats G. Hansson and Karen J. Maschke
Science 6 November 2009: 797.
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 Biobanks: Too Long to Wait for Consent

Kyle B. Brothers and Ellen Wright Clayton
Science 6 November 2009: 798.
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 Corrections and Clarifications

Science 6 November 2009: 798.
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 Biobanks: Oversight Offers Protection

Kristien Hens, John Wright, and Kris Dierickx
Science 6 November 2009: 798-799.
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 Response—Biobanks

David Gurwitz, Isabel Fortier, Jeantine E. Lunshof, and Bartha Maria Knoppers
Science 6 November 2009: 799.
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 Research for All Science Teachers

John Dickey
Science 6 November 2009: 799.
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Books et al.

Evolution
Darwin Is Dead—Long Live Evolution

Vassiliki Betty Smocovitis
Science 6 November 2009: 800-801.
Exploring Gould's science, politics, and their intersections, Prindle holds that they constitute a consistent whole. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

History of Science
Evolution of the End of Origin

R. W. D. Nickalls
Science 6 November 2009: 801.
Three ancestral texts and the final wording of the last lines of Darwin's Origin. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Books Received

Science 6 November 2009: 801.
A listing of books received at Science during the week ended 30 October 2009. Summary »|  

Education Forum

Education
Building on No Child Left Behind

Eric A. Hanushek
Science 6 November 2009: 802-803.
A federally mandated system of test-based accountability for U.S. education can be made even better. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Education
Moving Past No Child Left Behind

Daniel Koretz
Science 6 November 2009: 803-804.
No Child Left Behind is a poorly designed program, with serious side effects and little evidence of benefit, in need of fundamental changes. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Perspectives

Medicine
A Comeback for Gene Therapy

Luigi Naldini
Science 6 November 2009: 805-806.
A lentivirus was used as a vector in hemato-poietic stem cells to treat a neurodegenerative disease in a clinical gene therapy trial. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Ecology
Biodiversity and Climate Change

Kathy J. Willis and Shonil A. Bhagwat
Science 6 November 2009: 806-807.
Efforts to elucidate the effect of climate change on biodiversity with detailed data sets and refined models reach novel conclusions. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Paleontology
Evolution of Animal Pollination

Jeff Ollerton and Emma Coulthard
Science 6 November 2009: 808-809.
Animals pollinated specialized seed plants even before flowering plants evolved. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Chemistry
Capturing the Complexities of Molecule-Surface Interactions

Eckart Hasselbrink
Science 6 November 2009: 809-810.
Two large computational studies describe how theory can better account for the way in which molecules scatter from or react with metal surfaces. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Environmental Science
Peatland Response to Global Change

Nancy B. Dise
Science 6 November 2009: 810-811.
Peatlands can buffer the impact of external perturbations, but can also rapidly shift to a new ecosystem type, with large gains or losses of stored carbon. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Association Affairs

AAAS 2010 Annual Meeting Program

Science 6 November 2009: 876-885.
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Review

Einstein’s Theory of Gravity and the Problem of Missing Mass

Pedro G. Ferreira and Glenn D. Starkman
Science 6 November 2009: 812-815.
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Brevia

Population Structure Mediates Sexual Conflict in Water Striders

Omar Tonsi Eldakar, Michael J. Dlugos, John W. Pepper, and David Sloan Wilson
Science 6 November 2009: 816.
When water striders can disperse among groups, females select for reduced male aggression. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Genotype Analysis Identifies the Cause of the "Royal Disease"

Evgeny I. Rogaev, Anastasia P. Grigorenko, Gulnaz Faskhutdinova, Ellen L. W. Kittler, and Yuri K. Moliaka
Science 6 November 2009: 817.
Published online 8 October 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1180660] (in Science Express Brevia)
DNA from historical specimens reveals the mutation causing the hemophilia that afflicted the royal families of Europe. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Research Article

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Gene Therapy with a Lentiviral Vector in X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy

Nathalie Cartier, Salima Hacein-Bey-Abina, Cynthia C. Bartholomae, Gabor Veres, Manfred Schmidt, Ina Kutschera, Michel Vidaud, Ulrich Abel, Liliane Dal-Cortivo, Laure Caccavelli, Nizar Mahlaoui, Véronique Kiermer, Denice Mittelstaedt, Céline Bellesme, Najiba Lahlou, François Lefrère, Stéphane Blanche, Muriel Audit, Emmanuel Payen, Philippe Leboulch, Bruno l’Homme, Pierre Bougnères, Christof Von Kalle, Alain Fischer, Marina Cavazzana-Calvo, and Patrick Aubourg
Science 6 November 2009: 818-823.
Lentiviral-mediated gene therapy of hematopoietic stem cells delays disease progression in patients with a fatal brain disorder. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

Three-Color Entanglement

A. S. Coelho, F. A. S. Barbosa, K. N. Cassemiro, A. S. Villar, M. Martinelli, and P. Nussenzveig
Science 6 November 2009: 823-826.
Published online 17 September 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1178683] (in Science Express Reports)
Three bright light beams of different colors can be entangled. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Electronic Structure Controls Reactivity of Size-Selected Pd Clusters Adsorbed on TiO₂ Surfaces

William E. Kaden, Tianpin Wu, William A. Kunkel, and Scott L. Anderson
Science 6 November 2009: 826-829.
The activity of these model catalysts for carbon monoxide oxidation reflects changes in cluster electronic structure. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Dynamical Steering and Electronic Excitation in NO Scattering from a Gold Surface

Neil Shenvi, Sharani Roy, and John C. Tully
Science 6 November 2009: 829-832.
Theory accounts for the complex ways in which vibrations and rotations of nitric oxide molecules affect scattering from a surface. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Chemically Accurate Simulation of a Prototypical Surface Reaction: H₂ Dissociation on Cu(111)

C. Díaz, E. Pijper, R. A. Olsen, H. F. Busnengo, D. J. Auerbach, and G. J. Kroes
Science 6 November 2009: 832-834.
The use of a fitting parameter produces a much-improved potential energy surface for describing a surface reaction. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Shifts in Lake N:P Stoichiometry and Nutrient Limitation Driven by Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition

James J. Elser, Tom Andersen, Jill S. Baron, Ann-Kristin Bergström, Mats Jansson, Marcia Kyle, Koren R. Nydick, Laura Steger, and Dag O. Hessen
Science 6 November 2009: 835-837.
Deposition of anthropogenically derived nitrogen can cause phosphorus to become the limiting nutrient of lake phytoplankton. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Abiotic Gas Formation Drives Nitrogen Loss from a Desert Ecosystem

Carmody K. McCalley and Jed P. Sparks
Science 6 November 2009: 837-840.
In the Mojave Desert, high surface temperatures cause large amounts of nitrogen to be lost from the soil. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

A Probable Pollination Mode Before Angiosperms: Eurasian, Long-Proboscid Scorpionflies

Dong Ren, Conrad C. Labandeira, Jorge A. Santiago-Blay, Alexandr Rasnitsyn, ChungKun Shih, Alexei Bashkuev, M. Amelia V. Logan, Carol L. Hotton, and David Dilcher
Science 6 November 2009: 840-847.
Prior to the coevolution of angiosperms and pollinating insects, scorpionflies may have been pollinating gymnosperms. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Polymorphic Butterfly Reveals the Missing Link in Ecological Speciation

Nicola L. Chamberlain, Ryan I. Hill, Durrell D. Kapan, Lawrence E. Gilbert, and Marcus R. Kronforst
Science 6 November 2009: 847-850.
Mate selection based on preferences for polymorphic wing color patterns is generating reproductive isolation. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

A Type I–Secreted, Sulfated Peptide Triggers XA21-Mediated Innate Immunity

Sang-Won Lee, Sang-Wook Han, Malinee Sririyanum, Chang-Jin Park, Young-Su Seo, and Pamela C. Ronald
Science 6 November 2009: 850-853.
The bacterial trigger for a rice innate immune response is identified. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Small-Molecule Activators of a Proenzyme

Dennis W. Wolan, Julie A. Zorn, Daniel C. Gray, and James A. Wells
Science 6 November 2009: 853-858.
Small molecules that promote a procaspase conformation susceptible to activation by proteolysis have been identified. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

High Diversity of the Viral Community from an Antarctic Lake

Alberto López-Bueno, Javier Tamames, David Velázquez, Andrés Moya, Antonio Quesada, and Antonio Alcamí
Science 6 November 2009: 858-861.
Virus populations in polar freshwater lakes show marked shifts in composition during ice melt. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Viral Glycosphingolipids Induce Lytic Infection and Cell Death in Marine Phytoplankton

Assaf Vardi, Benjamin A. S. Van Mooy, Helen F. Fredricks, Kimberly J. Popendorf, Justin E. Ossolinski, Liti Haramaty, and Kay D. Bidle
Science 6 November 2009: 861-865.
A specific virus encodes membrane components that broadcast cell death and population demise of its coccolithophore host. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Genome Sequence, Comparative Analysis, and Population Genetics of the Domestic Horse

C. M. Wade, E. Giulotto, S. Sigurdsson, M. Zoli, S. Gnerre, F. Imsland, T. L. Lear, D. L. Adelson, E. Bailey, R. R. Bellone, H. Blöcker, O. Distl, R. C. Edgar, M. Garber, T. Leeb, E. Mauceli, J. N. MacLeod, M. C. T. Penedo, J. M. Raison, T. Sharpe, J. Vogel, L. Andersson, D. F. Antczak, T. Biagi, M. M. Binns, B. P. Chowdhary, S. J. Coleman, G. Della Valle, S. Fryc, G. Guérin, T. Hasegawa, E. W. Hill, J. Jurka, A. Kiialainen, G. Lindgren, J. Liu, E. Magnani, J. R. Mickelson, J. Murray, S. G. Nergadze, R. Onofrio, S. Pedroni, M. F. Piras, T. Raudsepp, M. Rocchi, K. H. Røed, O. A. Ryder, S. Searle, L. Skow, J. E. Swinburne, A. C. Syvänen, T. Tozaki, S. J. Valberg, M. Vaudin, J. R. White, M. C. Zody, Broad Institute Genome Sequencing Platform, Broad Institute Whole Genome Assembly Team, E. S. Lander, and K. Lindblad-Toh
Science 6 November 2009: 865-867.
The horse genome reveals an evolutionary new centromere and conserved chromosomal sequences relative to other mammals. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

MafB/c-Maf Deficiency Enables Self-Renewal of Differentiated Functional Macrophages

Athar Aziz, Erinn Soucie, Sandrine Sarrazin, and Michael H. Sieweke
Science 6 November 2009: 867-871.
The absence of two transcription factors allows long-term propagation of a differentiated immune cell population that is nontumorigenic. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

A Single Peptide–MHC Complex Positively Selects a Diverse and Specific CD8 T Cell Repertoire

Baomei Wang, Tina M. Primeau, Nancy Myers, Henry W. Rohrs, Michael L. Gross, Lonnie Lybarger, Ted H. Hansen, and Janet M. Connolly
Science 6 November 2009: 871-874.
Positive selection by a single peptide-MHC complex imparts exquisite specificity to developing T cells. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|